1. Buddhism does not talk about this. Buddhism ONLY talks about how we can free ourselves from our self-created suffering .. nothing else.
2. Buddhism doesn't talk about this.
3. The desire for happiness is actually what causes your UNhappiness. Instead, you have to take a totally different approach if you wish to stop being unhappy. You have to retrain how you pay attention and how you respond to things.
4. There is no evil in the world. Everyone is unhappy, and the things they do are attempts to find happiness, or to get rid of their own unhappiness. This is not evil. It is ignorance. Until we attain enlightenment, we are all ignorant.
As for why bad things happen to good people .. at some point in the past, perhaps a previous life, that good person did something harmful to another. By taking this action, they set imprints (karmas) inside themselves that are only now ripening. A "ripened karma" is an imprint inside of us, created BY us, that draws to us something similar in nature to the imprint.
5. We make our own suffering, and so the solution lies within us. What happens when you fail? You fail ..you cannot necessarily make things right. But life goes on anyway. You try harder to be wiser and more caring next time.
6. There is no "right" or "wrong" in Buddhism. There is only "skillful actions" and "unskillful actions". Skillful action is any action which helps you become awakened/enlightened .. and unskillful actions are those which keep you in ignorance. "Skillful actions" include all unselfish and caring actions.
Buddhism does not discuss philosophy. It is a set of instructions for turning your own life around.
7. Buddhism does not talk about this.
8. Read various Tibetan Buddhism on death. They have written in great detail the stages of dying, the shutting down of the senses one by one, and the visual effects. And the moment of death, and the bardo (the time between death and your next rebirth).
Tibetan Buddhism says that if you handle your dying skillfully, you can achieve enlightenment just after your apparent outer death of the body. So there is much writing about death.
9. Buddhism is not about faith. It is about retraining your mind and learning to see with clarity. If you ask a Tibetan monk about Jesus, they will tell you that Jesus was enlightened. But Buddhism does not discuss Jesus.
Furthermore, Buddhism teaches that the only way to stop the endless rebirths and the endless suffering, is to achieve enlightenment. And that there is no higher power that can do this for you .. you have to do it for yourself.
I have been practicing Buddhism daily for over 12 years, under the guidance of one of the Dalai Lama's monks who lives in my city. And attending weekly lessons that he gives in Tibetan Buddhism.
Buddhism is a program of self-change, of inner change. If properly done, it works. Slowly (takes 3-8 years before change even begins).
The longer I practice Buddhism, the more I let go of the need for "belief". Belief is a life-preserver for the uncertainty of life. It does not solve the underlying anxiety, though, so it's not very useful for happiness. It is okay to face life in this very second, and allow life to be what it is. It is okay to not believe, but to just be aware.
"Everything is always changing. If you relax into this truth, that is Enlightenment. If you resist, this is samsara (suffering)."
Belief is part of our resistance efforts.