Greetings,
No, as used in God’s Word, the “body,” “soul” and spirit are not the same things.
The word “body” refers to the physical human body or to spirit heavenly bodies. “Sometimes the word stands, by synecdoche, for ‘the complete man’ or ‘the person.’
The “body” and “breath of life” are the constituents of the man. When God breathes the life giving “spirit” into a body it becomes a “soul.” The "soul" is the *living* person or animal. For example, Adam the man was not a soul until God breathed into his nostrils.
The Biblical definition of the original language words for "soul" is a "breathing creature" or "living being" and also can be used in the extended or metaphorical senses of "life."
'Soul' is "self- conscious life." The NEPHESH is the person, not an immaterial part of him that survives when his body dies.
Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology: "Soul in the OT is never the ‘immortal soul' but simply the life principle or living being...Hebrew thought could not conceive of a disembodied nephesh."
The term [psy khe] is the NT word corresponding with nepeš. It can mean the principle of life, life itself, or the living being."—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Vol. XIII,?pp.?449, 450.
Now when it comes to the Hebrew and Greek words for “spirit,” people are often extremely confused because of the various senses in which it is used in the Bible.
The basic definition for the Hebrew and Greek words rendered "spirit" is "wind." It is used in various senses such as "breath," "life-force," "invisible being," and a person's "attitude" or "disposition." The context must be used to help determine in what sense the writer was using the word.
Vine's: "pneuma...The NT uses of the word may be analyzed approximately as follows: "(a) the wind...(b) the breath...(f) the sentient element in man, that by which he perceives, reflects, feels, desires..."
ISBE: "Spirit... As Wind, Breath .... As Mental and Moral Qualities in Man: Hence, applied to man -- as being the seat of emotion in desire or trouble, and thus gradually of mental and moral qualities in general..."
Now, at Matthew 27:50 many translations render the Greek word PNEUMA here as "spirit":
“But Jesus, again crying out in a loud voice, yielded up his spirit.”
But, like the one you quote, other translations read: “and then he died,” "breathed his last," or “stopped breathing." (NRSV, CEV, REB, NEB, TEV, Weymouth, Phillips, Barclay)
So, the meaning here is that Christ “stopped breathing.” “Yielded up his spirit” is simply the idiom used in Bible times for when someone has died.
Some desperately attempt to read into these words evidence that a conscious spirit leaves the body at death and continues to exist. But, this interpretation is easily disproved by explicit Scripture.
Matthew was obviously very familiar with the teachings of God's Word including Psalm 146:4:
"His spirit departs, and he returns to the earth. In that very day, his thoughts perish."–WEB, Young's Literal Bible
"His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; In that very day his thoughts perish."–ASV
This verse is very explicit. When the "spirit" (RUACH) leaves the person ceases to exist, he "returns to dust" and "his thoughts perish." The Bible is always in agreement that when the "spirit" returns to God it means the whole person becomes dust:
Ps 104:29: If you conceal your face, they get disturbed. If you take away their spirit, they expire, And back to their dust they go Ec 12:6-7; Job 34:14-15).
EVERY explicit verse in the Bible agrees that when the spirit goes out you do not continue to exist somewhere.
This understanding is reinforced when we note that scholars recognize that the "spirit" is synonymous with "breath."
This is easily seen by the parallelism at Job 27:3: "While my breath (NESHAMA) is yet whole within me, And the spirit (RUACH) of God is in my nostrils"(Cf. Isa 42:5).
Now, what is in your nostrils? Some, conscious entity or part of you which continues to exist at death? No. Just the "breath" or by extension the "vital force" of life that God gave all living things.
The Bible also demonstrates that the "spirit" is just the "breath of life" when it shows that we do not have *individual spirits* and that the "spirit" (RUACH) we have is the same spirit in all animals (Ec 3:19).
So when we do just a little research, we find that the Bible is always in agreement. It is then very easy to interpret Christ’s words without forcing our personal beliefs into the text.
There are hundreds of clear, explicit scriptures which state that the dead return to the "dust" and are unconscious (Gen.3:19; Eccl.3:20; 9:5,10; Ps. 146:4; Ezek.18:4; etc.).
The scriptural hope for humans is the resurrection--a coming back to life, not a continuing of life in some mystical and ephemeral state.
Yours,
BAR-ANERGES