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Most of the questions we ask about God are anthropomorphic. That is to say, they are based on the assumption that God is like us; that God is a being with thoughts and feelings just like ours. And often unawares, people get this impression gradually rooted in their consciousness with their reading of the Bible. Consequently, it is believed that God can have remorse over some of His decisions and review them later.
For instance, look at the story of the golden calf in Exodus 32. There we read that God was so unhappy with his "stiff-necked people" that, in verse 10, the Lord said to Prophet Moses:
"Now leave me alone so that my anger may burn against them and that I may destroy them. Then I will make you into a great nation." (Exodus 32:10, New International Version)
But Prophet Moses pleaded for his people, and finally God said to him:
"Then the Lord relented and did not bring on his people the disaster he had threatened." (Exodus 32:14 – New International Version)
The foregoing speaks of God Who changes His mind. It is in answer to the prayer of Moses that He changed His mind and decided not to bring on the intended disaster on the Children of Israel then. This would apparently mean that God listens to the prayers of the people; and out of His mercy, change the course of events.
If prayers are expected to have an immediate effect, it should follow that God is willing to change His mind. Such is the logic behind the belief that God often changes His mind.
Now, let us view this problem from the Islamic point of view. We may note that God created the universe, and then created the humans and bestowed upon them a privileged position within the universe; so that the world may function under the laws He had decreed for it.
God observes how people treat the bounty He has given them, and He leaves them to live on by His laws, for a certain length of time. At the end of this time, mankind will be brought in front of God for judgment, and they will be rewarded or punished for their deeds in God's universe.
In all these, there is not going to be any "change of mind" from God's side. But in God's dealing with humans on earth, whatever appears to us to be a change of mind on God's side is really part of His pattern and order.
When God created humans, He knew how each one of them would behave, what their choice would be, and what the outcome of their choice would be. So everything is mapped out in advance, including the so-called "change of mind", which is only a step in the progress toward the pre-set goal. Indeed, all our days and nights — no matter whether of the past, present or future — were in His hands, as it were.
God has given humans freedom of choice, which allows them to choose from a number of possibilities open before them. It is their common experience that they may choose some course that God does not want them to adopt, even by ignoring God's guidance, or by openly defying the explicit commandments of God.
God is watching them and they may imagine that His decision concerning their action is contingent upon their choice. In fact, the truth is quite different.
From the point of view of the noble Quran, which Muslims believe is the word of God, God has a plan, which works out according to a set of laws He has decreed for the world. In other words, it is God's decision that His creations should abide by His laws in order to function.
Indeed, all the natural phenomena in the universe reflect this order and pattern of God. And Allah (God) in the Quran says what means:
{The word of your Lord doth find its fulfilment in truth and in justice: None can change His words: for He is the one who hears and knows all.} (Al-An`am 6:115)
{So set you thy face steadily and truly to the faith: (establish) Allah's handiwork according to the pattern on which He has made mankind: no change (let there be) in the work (wrought) by Allah; that is the standard Religion, but most among mankind understand not.} (Ar-Rum 30:30)
{No change can there be in the words of Allah. This is indeed the supreme felicity!} (Yunus 10:64)
The question then is: does the Quran describe any event where a change of mind on God's side is depicted? Consider the question of the "abrogation" of the verses after they were revealed. Here is one example:
{None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We substitute something better or similar: Knowest thou not that Allah Hath power over all things?} (Al-Baqarah 2:106)
The critics of Islam often cite the gradual prohibition of alcohol as an example of God's change of mind. Earlier revelations did not specifically prohibit the drinking of alcohol. But then the final verse was a clear and categorical prohibition. This is sometimes presented as an example of how the "Muslim God" changes His mind.
The fact of the matter should be evident to anyone who reflects a little. God Who knows the nature and psychology of humans decided to prohibit the drinking of alcohol in a gradual and phased manner. Now we know that would be the practical way of effective prohibition.
In fact, the nullification of an older command in favor of a newer law, is not a new practice, it is part of Allah's order. It has been the Divine practice, as we may note from the previous scriptures.
What we know is that Shariah (the Divine laws governing mankind) has to change in accordance with the changing needs of the society. This is all part of the general scheme. And what is particularly noteworthy is that the fundamentals do not change. They remain the same.
The Creator knows well that humans need time to grow and mature. Therefore, He reveals His commandments and orders in stages, so that humans can develop both as individuals, and as members of a society.
I hope this answers your question. Please keep in touch.
Salam.
Useful links:
Understanding God's Attributes
Introducing God to My Atheist Father
A Natural Belief in God
Is God Bound by Time and Space?
God: Spiritual or Corporeal?
Do Angels Question God?
God and the Laws of Nature