Luckily for you, I learned quantum mechanics when I was 17. It's honestly not very difficult, quantum field theory is really complicated though.
>Quantum physics has shown that when we look at the universe at the smallest of levels there ceases to be a structure of patterns
Not entirely true. We can still use things like the Schrodinger equation and expectation values to predict how the probability functions will change over time and what the maximum probability is for a particular event occurring. You shouldn't really think of it as 'chaos', but more like 'organised probability'.
The ancient Greeks actually had a really good grasp of reality considering the time in which they lived. Even though they were theists, they believed that their gods were jelous and not perfect, unlike modern religions.
Even though I said that it was 'organised probability', after learning quantum mechanics in mathematical detail, you'll see the universe from a very probabilistic point of view instead of the deterministic point of view that's suggested by classical physics. There's something about quantum mechanics that makes people drop all of their previous personal philosophies and religious beliefs after they learn it.
>So if modern science leads us in this direction why do monotheistic religions criticize nonbelievers so much?
Christian fundies see science as "the devil's work". It's sad.