Question:
Who can Help.... Why do they call it the 'Theory' of Evolution and not the 'Law' of evolution .. . . .
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:50:53 UTC
like the 'Laws of Physics' and the 'Law of Gravity' ??

This really puzzles me....... Does this mean that 'evolution' is really only a 'theory' and if/when it is proven, then it will become the 'law of evolution' .
42 answers:
N
2007-01-04 10:54:03 UTC
"Law" is sort of an antiquated term--most scientists (at least the ones at my university) use the term "theory" exclusively. Gravity is a theory in the same exact capacity that evolution is.

_______________________________________

"Scientific Law: This is a statement of fact meant to explain, in concise terms, an action or set of actions. It is generally accepted to be true and univseral, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Scientific laws are similar to mathematical postulates. They don’t really need any complex external proofs; they are accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true.



Some scientific laws, or laws of nature, include the law of gravity, the law of thermodynamics, and Hook’s law of elasticity. "



"Theory: A theory is more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis.



In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. Both are used to make predictions of events. Both are used to advance technology.



The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains a whole series of related phenomena. "
skepsis
2007-01-04 11:07:13 UTC
The Scientific Method is based on skepticism. It takes nothing for granted. Every premise must be justified, every hypothesis tested. With enough evidence in favor and no credible evidence against, a hypothesis may regarded as a theory. "Theory" does NOT mean "guess", as it does in lay culture. A theory is a level of understanding that applies in every situation as the science is currently understood.



Scientific "Laws" are virtually unassailable theories on which other theories depend. Scientists trust in the reliability of laws and theories, but they don't subscribe to absolute proofs. Too many scientific breakthroughs have convinced them that any knowledge is imperfect. However, even a discredited theory "works" in most cases. (Einstein rearranged our understanding of gravity, but Newtonian physics is good for most orbital calculations.) A theory is effectively the last word until a better explanation comes along. If some incontrovertible proof of species change were to come to light, they might consider making Evolution a "Law", but there will be a lot of arguing up till then.
s2scrm
2007-01-04 11:10:09 UTC
A hypothesis that cannot be proven is often elevated to the status of "theory" errantly.



Anyone who claims that evolution is "proven" is NOT a scientist. Such a person is an amateur or wannabe.



There is a "black box" that always stands between a theory and a fact. The "scientific method" is the use of controlled experimentation to eliminate all unknowns in the determination of fact.



When the black box between a theory and the fact cannot be opened, the theory cannot be considered fact.



There exists no method for calibrating the mechanisms needed to establish evolution as a fact. Therefore, it remains a theory.



More evidence exists against evolution than for it. There is NO evidence that one kind of animal ever becomes another kind of animal. There are variations WITHIN a kind of animal, but it never becomes another kind of animal.



Variation WITHIN a kind of animal is a quality control mechanism, not a mechanism of change. Survival of the fittest makes good dogs and good elephants, it doesn't make dogephants or eledogs.



No matter how vociferous evolutionists are in proclaiming their religion a fact, it remains a [quite poor] theory.

.
Paul McDonald
2007-01-04 11:24:10 UTC
When you talk about "evolution" I have to start with "what do you mean" because the term is so very broad...



Let's take the hot issue of "evolution of species" or "all life comes from one common ancestor"



This is totally conjecture (scientific word for "guess"). It has never been observed, no records have shown it happening, never created in a laboratory. It's just a guess.



Oh, there will be people who call me a liar for this, because they say that this one species gave birth to a whole new species... and they would be right about the second part--but not the first.



Y'see, if a "rat" gives birth to a "rat" then that does not prove that a line of "rats" could eventualy give birth to a "cat" ...



Evolution from "Amoeba to me" is a theory. While there are many "intermediary" facts that can support it, there are others that do not.



Hence, a theory.
JAT
2007-01-04 11:22:50 UTC
You misunderstand. There is a certainly a "theory of gravity." And in fact, that theory still has not been totally reconciled with other aspects of physical theory, e.g., quantum field theory. Yes, we "know" there is gravity, but how it really works and what it really is are subject to development and change.



Put another way, in science, theories organize observations (or "facts") around "laws." And the theories can change as new observations (facts) call into question the "laws" that organized them. That continuous change is the very essence of the scientific method. Science, unlike dogma, WELCOMES contradiction.



Science isn't like baking a cake - where you get the ingredients together, bake, and voila! you have a cake (or "law"). That's how dogma works. All science has are theories - of relativity, gravity, quantum mechanics, etc. Scientists are fine with that. They work at getting closer and closer approximations of an understanding of reality.
Crusader1189
2007-01-04 11:04:49 UTC
Evolution remains a theory because of the application of the scientific method. You begin with a hypothesis: everything evolved. Then you test the hypothesis. That's where it hits a snag. Since evolution is so far based only on archeological evidence and not testable in a lab, it is unable to be officially confirmed as a Law. You can demonstrate gravity in a lab (try dropping a feather then a bowling ball on someone's foot). The evidence for evolution is still purely circumstancial (in this layer is a fossilized bird, in this layer is a fossilized reptile with wings, the bird must have evolved from the reptile). Until we can create a new species in a lab or witness it live in the world, according to the scientific method, evolution must remain a theory.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:59:47 UTC
A Scientific Theory is defined as a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.



A law is a statement describing a relationship observed to be invariable between or among phenomena for all cases in which the specified conditions are observed.



They are two different types of things. A theory does not become a law or vice versa. Nor does being a theory imply that we are in any way unsure about it. For instance the "Theory of Human Sexual Reproduction" says that human babies are the result of sexual intercourse. The fact it is a theory does not mean that we do not know where babies come from.



What makes evolution not a law is that it is not a relationship between two phenomena. It has nothing to do with it's certainty.

Evolution is one of the most certain theories in all of science.



Many people ( including most of your respondents ) simply have no idea about the meanings of scientific terms. It is no wonder ignorance is so rampant when people are so completely uneducated.
Take it from Toby
2007-01-04 11:48:16 UTC
What the hell is the Law of Physics? And for that matter, the Law of Gravity? If you have proven what gravity is, you might want to tell someone, since no scientists has been able to do that.



The theory of evolution is the mechanism that causes the changes that have been observed, recorded, theorized, etc.
Alex
2007-01-04 10:59:20 UTC
Gravity is still a theory too

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_theory_of_gravity

http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node60.html

http://www.physorg.com/news85310822.html



Most every "Law of Physics" is too. There is always a small dispute over one aspect or the other. Don't let the fact that science calls things theories throw you too much. When there is no serious discussion about the overall idea (like evolution) it is just accepted as a fact. Science really never calls much of anything a law.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:55:49 UTC
No. Science does not deal in 'laws' any longer.



Understand that the men who came up with the laws believed that they were proving fundamental principles. Newton's Law of Gravity ... turned out to be false. Wasn't much of a Law then, was it. Newton's THEORY of Gravity, then. Which was replaced with Einstein's Theory of Relativity (which virtually no one denies is a fact, so why isn't it a law, if you're right?), and we know for a fact that Einstein's Theory of Relativity is in error in that it cannot be reconciled with quantum gravity (that's why).



Science no longer deals in laws because scientists understand that we prove nothing... we disprove things that are wrong, under the maxim that whatever's left must be true.





-------------------



For example, I hold in my hand a black velvet bag that you cannot see through. I tell you it contains marbles, and I ask you to guess what color they are. You have no idea, you've seen none of the marbles, so you randomly guess, "They're all red." This is a guess, not even a hypothesis -- you have done no research short of being told there were marbles.



I allow you to reach in and pull one, and only one, out of the bag. I make sure you do not see any of the other marbles while you do so. When you look at it, it is red. I take the marble and put it back in the bag. You have a small bit of information that says 'red' is a decent guess, so now you can call it a hypothesis. But this doesn't prove all of them are red.



I allow you to continue pulling out one marble and then put it back in the bag. Your hand tells you while its in the bag that there are about a hundred marbles. After 100 pulls, you've never seen a marble any color but red. You might have drawn a marble twice, so you still can't say with 100% certainty that all of them are red. You draw 10,000 times, and they're all red.



This would be pretty convincing. You could now say, "The odds are so against a non-red marble that I consider it a fact that all are red." But you don't know it, you haven't proven it... in fact, to prove it, you'd have to see every single marble all at once -- and the bag (and the universe) won't let you see it all at once.



On your 10,001 draw ... you get a blue marble. Now, were you wrong to state that you considered it a fact all were red? No... that IS what in fact you considered, because the evidence overwhelmingly supported that conclusion. However, with this new information, you know that your initial theory is wrong. So you may adjust, maybe, "There are many red marbles and a few blue marbles." You could test this by continuing to draw until you got a non-red/non-blue marble, which would disprove your updated theory -- so your theory is falsifiable.



After a million draws, you notice a disturbing fact -- even though there are only 100 marbles in the bag, the statistics are telling you only one in 10,000 marbles are blue. This means something much more complicated is going on. So you'd have to come up with a new hypothesis and a new way to test, and if the experiments supoprted that, you'd have a new theory that explains ALL your past experiences PLUS the new ones.



But you could never PROVE the status of all the marbles without seeing all of them. So you would never have a Law... only a cycle of hypothesis, test, theory...
Sweetchild Danielle
2007-01-04 10:58:25 UTC
Gravity is technically a theory. A scientific "theory" is not the same as a "theory" of another type. By definition, a scientific theory may incorporate a scientific "law".



"A scientific theory is an established and experimentally verified fact or collection of facts about the world. Unlike the everyday use of the word theory, it is not an unproved idea, or just some theoretical speculation. The latter meaning of a 'theory' in science is called a hypothesis." - www.whatislife.com/glossary.htm
?
2007-01-04 11:04:03 UTC
This comes from the misinterpretation and misuse of the word "theory" by laymen. Well, mostly unlaidmen, but you get the idea...



The unwashed masses use the word "theory" as if it meant "a guess." In the scientific community, "theory" is a group of general propositions to explain this or that phenomenon. For something to be accepted as a theory, it must present a cohesive view of a particular thing, not just a series of wild guesses.



A theory is always open to testing and refinement, religion is not. Science is an organic, ever changing and ever updating body of reason, religion is circular, self-serving dogmatic adherance to a very silly set of stories.
Alan
2007-01-04 10:55:50 UTC
We used to make everything in science a "law". Think of Newton's Laws of Motion. However, we know realize that science is the process of developing models that best explain natural events with all the data that we have on hand at the moment. Therefore, all science is provisional.



However, that does not mean that a theory is just a blind guess. In the case of evolution and relativity and quantum mechanics they are incredibly powerful, incredibly supported and incredibly predictive models.



Will they every be improved on or replaced. Certainly. That's just the way it goes. Science evolves and that is, perhaps, it's greatest strength.



A
RED MIST!
2007-01-04 11:00:43 UTC
Remember, in science, the word theory means, "A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena."



It doesn't just mean, "guess or conjecture."



Besides the theory, there is the fact of evolution, the observation that life has changed greatly over time. The fact of evolution was recognized even before Darwin's theory. The theory of evolution explains the fact.



Also, the theory of evolution has proved itself in practice. It has useful applications in epidemiology, pest control, drug discovery and other areas...
PennyPickles17
2007-01-04 11:04:19 UTC
A desired trait can be produced in dogs by selecting dogs with a particular trait to produce offspring with that trait. This specialized selective breeding can continue for generation after generation until a breed of dog is developed. This is the same as the "survival of the fittest" theory of the evolutionists. Many different types of dogs can be developed this way, but they can never develop a cat by selectively breeding dogs. Natural selection can never extend outside of the DNA limit. DNA cannot be changed into a new species by natural selection. Diamond back rattle snakes cannot be selectively bred until you have one with wings that jumps in the air and flies away. Evolution is impossible.



Supporters propound upon the Theory of Evolution as if it has scientific support, which it does not. They switch tactics when pressed against the wall with solid scientific proofs against the Theory of Evolution as presented below by stating that evolution is "only" a theory. Using this flip-flop approach they try to have it both ways. They claim scientific support when none exists, and they claim it is only a theory when the theory straddles them with outlandish, impossible conclusion that violate scientific truths. Evolutionists simply ignore reality, slink into denial and walk away when presented with the scientific facts below. The human mind has a very detrimental character weakness. Humans would rather believe error for the rest of their lives than admit they had been wrong.

The evolutionist will claim that the presence of many individual species proves evolution. This shallow statement is devoid of reason, logic and scientific proof. Evolutionists line up pictures of similar looking species and claim they evolved one to another. Humans are a great example. There are hundreds of species of extinct monkeys and apes. Petrified skulls and bones exist from these creatures. Evolutionists line up the most promising choices to present a gradual progression from monkey to modern man. They simply fill in the big gaps with make-believe creatures to fit the picture. This procedure can be done with humans only because there are many extinct monkey and ape species. They never do this with giraffes and elephants. These pictures are placed in all evolutionists' text books to teach kids this nonsense. The picture is simply a grouping of individual species that does not prove evolution.



The presence of individual species actually proves they were not developed by an evolutionary process. If evolution were true all plants, animals and insects would be in a continual state of change. No two creatures would be identical because there would not be separate species. There would be a continual blend of characteristics without a clear definition among the species. Everything would be changing and every animal, insect and plant would be different. The cheetah above proves evolution does not exist. All species are locked solid within their DNA code.
Scott M
2007-01-04 11:03:18 UTC
Once again the typical Creationist bloviating about their total lack of understanding of the word "theory".



Gravity is a theory. Electricity is a theory. Germs as causes of disease is a theory.



A theory is more than a random guess, or even an educated guess. A theory has evidence behind it and has been frequently tested over and over again. Blame bad sci-fi movies for the blurring of the word.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:55:23 UTC
Physics is a school, and you are mistaken, Gravity is a theory.



You should research what a scientific theory is, it is not used how it is in the general community. Evolution as a whole can't be promoted to a PRINCIPLE for obvious reasons, but it is proven scientific fact with thousands upon thousands of pieces of evidence in support.
?
2007-01-04 10:56:23 UTC
I understand your confusion. Science uses these words differently than their normal English usage.



While there are laws of physics that are entirely observable (any action produces an equal and opposite reaction), gravity is actually a theory, not a law.



A theory is an over-arching description of proved hypotheses that are used to make predictions and create new, testable hypotheses. Laws are considered immutable, and are usually presumptive when creating hypotheses.



.
YDoncha_Blowme
2007-01-04 10:54:51 UTC
Laws are constant and cannot change.

A scientific theory is not the same as the colloquial usage of the word theory. Scientific Theory is a tested hypothesis (which is the "theory" you normally think of) that has been tested extensively and has no other evidence against it. Theories can change if/when new information is uncovered.
Pirate AM™
2007-01-04 10:58:34 UTC
Hmm, not sure if it will ever be termed as a "law", but potentially several laws may come out of it, sorta like the laws of physics. There is a nearly overwhelming amount of evidence for it, but it hasn't been totally codified and modeled well enough yet.
Christine5
2007-01-04 11:01:15 UTC
Who here is going to be able to live long enough to prove it? Evolution is a theory because it is not a fact. It is an opinion of some men/people. Evolution is a religion. It is not science. Why do you think that evolutionists care enough to preach it, and teach it? Because it is a religion!! It is a belief system. The same reason that evolutionists despise the Bible (lack of evidence, reliance on faith etc.) is the same principles they must use to believe evolution.
Draco Paladin
2007-01-04 10:58:17 UTC
A law has been seen and confirmed in all situations, gravity can be observed and can never stop. Evolution cannot be observed in action because it happens over thousands of years.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:55:29 UTC
Because at the end of the day most scientists do no give a rats *** if some retards out there do not understand what scientific theory is.
Eleventy
2007-01-04 10:55:11 UTC
It is a theory and a fact. Like gravity...things will fall to the earth, but the theory is--will they do so by newton's suggestions or einsteins? Species evolve, but how and why are the unknowns...
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:53:56 UTC
There's no puzzle-the theory of evolution deals with the mechanisms involved in biological evolution. That evolution occurs is an indisputable fact. In science there are no facts as in mathematics but when a phenomenon is supported by an overwhelming mass of evidence it is regarded as a fact. Evolution is both a fact and a theory. It is disingenuous of creationists to latch onto the word theory as if evolution were in doubt-they only show their ignorance of the facts.
Derek B
2007-01-04 10:57:12 UTC
Because it's still a theory.The missing link is still missing,therefore it is still a theory.If evolutionists ever find the missing link.Then they can rebuke their accusers.Until that time comes nothing will change.It will remain a theory until then.



So far all they are doing is discovering what God has already perfected.



Oh yeah,an answer to Picard,evolution has proved nothing.You sound just like the rest of them.Just because you have a mathematical equation on paper doesn't prove nothing.Life comes from life only.There never was an organic soup.



http://www.evidencebible.com/witnessingtool/evolutiontruesciencefiction.shtml



http://www.evidencebible.com/witnessingtool/missinglinkstillmissing.shtml



http://www.evidencebible.com/witnessingtool/questionsforevolutionists.shtml
Elizabeth Howard
2007-01-04 10:53:41 UTC
Yes. Actually most of physics is theory as well.
unknown
2007-01-04 10:58:14 UTC
Even if evolution were true (it isn't - but just for the sake of argument), does that mean there is no God? How do you know God didn't use it to get us here? (I am not teaching that evolution is true, nor that God used it, which is called theistic evolution, I am simply reasoning with them.) If you believe in evolution, does that mean you aren't a sinner? God won't accept the excuse that you believed in evolution and not Him.

Have you examined evolution to see if it is true? Evolution is not all that you are led to believe. There are all kinds of problems in the fossil record. New theories are being raised all the time to account for why there aren't any undisputed transitional forms found between any species of any kind, anywhere, anytime in all the fossil record. But, you wouldn't know these things because you haven't studied. You need to know the facts about evolution, and you need to know the facts about Jesus.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:57:25 UTC
Laws are supposed to be universal but evolution applies only to life, evolution is proven

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/
Shossi
2007-01-04 10:54:37 UTC
It was first a theory and then it was proved.



Why do they say a doctor practices medicine? Doesn't he/she know how to do it?
cornbread
2007-01-04 10:56:20 UTC
Yes that is exactly what it means.



Evolution is theoretical because it cannot be proven. Evolution requires a great deal of faith in the unknown. Just like any other religion.
Open Heart Searchery
2007-01-04 10:53:49 UTC
Hmmm...sounds like semantics to me. The facts speak for themselves, regardless of the label applied.
happyinblue
2007-01-04 10:58:55 UTC
when and if it is proven, THEN it will become a law. science is still a loooong way away from that, though.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:55:27 UTC
There is plenty of evidence AGAINST EVOLUTION:.

First, the 'Cambrian explosion'; the millions of fossil types in Cambrian rock (oldest fossil bearing rocks) appear suddenly and fully formed and without any previous forms...IOW, there are no transitional forms.



Most well educated evolutionists when forced to ...will admit it, but very unwillingly, and even then they always want to seem to make new excuses for it. Usually they just don't say anything about it and hope noone finds out.



The thing to remember is that evolution is still just a theory - a hypothesis, a speculation, an umproven assumption.



"From the beginning of the Creation God made them male and female..."-- Jesus (Mk. 10:6)
boricuaangel196
2007-01-04 10:53:56 UTC
exactly evlotion is really just a theory that hasn't been proven and will never be proven but if it was proven it would probably be called the law of evolution.
K
2007-01-04 10:56:18 UTC
this is a meaning of theory and it explains it well.. theory is a guess or conjecture,there is no proof, they are just guessing...
Fish <><
2007-01-04 10:53:28 UTC
Of course evolution is a theory. It really is a religion of scientists.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:53:54 UTC
yah its just a theory. like religion is nothing more then a belief. *shrug* neither are factual.
anonymous
2007-01-04 10:53:34 UTC
it hasn't been proven, because nobody has invented time travel yet--laws have been proven
Cristina
2007-01-04 10:53:46 UTC
Until more evidence, it is just that - a theory. Nothing proven!
servant FM
2007-01-04 10:53:04 UTC
yep
smiling4ever
2007-01-07 12:38:10 UTC
Darwinism, in other words the theory of evolution, was put forward with the aim of denying the fact of creation, but is in truth nothing but failed, unscientific nonsense. This theory, which claims that life emerged by chance from inanimate matter, was invalidated by the scientific evidence of clear "design" in the universe and in living things. In this way, science confirmed the fact that God created the universe and the living things in it. The propaganda carried out today in order to keep the theory of evolution alive is based solely on the distortion of the scientific facts, biased interpretation, and lies and falsehoods disguised as science.

Yet this propaganda cannot conceal the truth. The fact that the theory of evolution is the greatest deception in the history of science has been expressed more and more in the scientific world over the last 20-30 years. Research carried out after the 1980s in particular has revealed that the claims of Darwinism are totally unfounded, something that has been stated by a large number of scientists. In the United States in particular, many scientists from such different fields as biology, biochemistry and paleontology recognize the invalidity of Darwinism and employ the concept of intelligent design to account for the origin of life. This

"intelligent design" is a scientific expression of the fact that God created all living things.





(THE SCIENTIFIC COLLAPSE OF DARWINISM)



Although this doctrine goes back as far as ancient Greece, the theory of evolution was advanced extensively in the nineteenth century. The most important development that made it the top topic of the world of science was Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, published in 1859. In this book, he denied that God created different living species on Earth separately, for he claimed that all living beings had a common ancestor and had diversified over time through small changes. Darwin's theory was not based on any concrete scientific finding; as he also accepted, it was just an "assumption." Moreover, as Darwin confessed in the long chapter of his book titled "Difficulties of the Theory," the theory failed in the face of many critical questions.

Darwin invested all of his hopes in new scientific discoveries, which he expected to solve these difficulties. However, contrary to his expectations, scientific findings expanded the dimensions of these difficulties. The defeat of Darwinism in the face of science can be reviewed under three basic topics:

1) The theory cannot explain how life originated on Earth.

2) No scientific finding shows that the "evolutionary mechanisms" proposed by the theory have any evolutionary power at all.

3) The fossil record proves the exact opposite of what the theory suggests.



The power evolutionists impute to the three force they believe to have produced life—time, mud, and chance—is actually enough to elevate them into a trinity. They believe that the combination of these random forces gave shape to the human brain, intelligence, cognitive ability, judgment and memory.

In this section, I will examine these three basic points in general outlines:





The First Insurmountable Step:

(The Origin of Life)



The theory of evolution posits that all living species evolved from a single living cell that emerged on the primitive Earth 3.8 billion years ago. How a single cell could generate millions of complex living species and, if such an evolution really occurred, why traces of it cannot be observed in the fossil record are some of the questions that the theory cannot answer. However, first and foremost, we need to ask: How did this "first cell" originate?

Since the theory of evolution denies creation and any kind of supernatural intervention, it maintains that the "first cell" originated coincidentally within the laws of nature, without any design, plan or arrangement. According to the theory, inanimate matter must have produced a living cell as a result of coincidences. Such a claim, however, is inconsistent with the most unassailable rules of biology.



"LIFE COMES FROM LIFE"



On the other hand, Darwin never referred to the origin of life. The primitive understanding of science in his time rested on the assumption that living beings had a very simple structure. Since medieval times, spontaneous generation, which asserts that non-living materials came together to form living organisms, had been widely accepted. It was commonly believed that insects came into being from food leftovers, and mice from wheat. Interesting experiments were conducted to prove this theory. Some wheat was placed on a dirty piece of cloth, and it was believed that mice would originate from it after a while.

Similarly, maggots developing in rotting meat was assumed to be evidence of spontaneous generation. However, it was later understood that worms did not appear on meat spontaneously, but were carried there by flies in the form of larvae, invisible to the naked eye.

Even when Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, the belief that bacteria could come into existence from non-living matter was widely accepted in the world of science.

However, five years after the publication of Darwin's book, Louis Pasteur announced his results after long studies and experiments, that disproved spontaneous generation, a cornerstone of Darwin's theory. In his triumphal lecture at the Sorbonne in 1864, Pasteur said: "Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this simple experiment."30

For a long time, advocates of the theory of evolution resisted these findings. However, as the development of science unraveled the complex structure of the cell of a living being, the idea that life could come into being coincidentally faced an even greater impasse.





The French biologist Louis Pasteur

The Russian biologist Alexander Oparin



The artificial atmosphere created by Miller in his experiment actually bore not the slightest resemblance to the primitive atmosphere on earth. Today, Miller too accepts that his 1953 experiment was very far from explaining the origin of life.



(Inconclusive Efforts in the Twentieth Century)



The first evolutionist who took up the subject of the origin of life in the twentieth century was the renowned Russian biologist Alexander Oparin. With various theses he advanced in the 1930s, he tried to prove that a living cell could originate by coincidence. These studies, however, were doomed to failure, and Oparin had to make the following confession:

Unfortunately, however, the problem of the origin of the cell is perhaps the most obscure point in the whole study of the evolution of organisms.31

Evolutionist followers of Oparin tried to carry out experiments to solve this problem. The best known experiment was carried out by the American chemist Stanley Miller in 1953. Combining the gases he alleged to have existed in the primordial Earth's atmosphere in an experiment set-up, and adding energy to the mixture, Miller synthesized several organic molecules (amino acids) present in the structure of proteins.

Barely a few years had passed before it was revealed that this experiment, which was then presented as an important step in the name of evolution, was invalid, for the atmosphere used in the experiment was very different from the real Earth conditions.32

After a long silence, Miller confessed that the atmosphere medium he used was unrealistic.33

All the evolutionists' efforts throughout the twentieth century to explain the origin of life ended in failure. The geochemist Jeffrey Bada, from the San Diego Scripps Institute accepts this fact in an article published in Earth magazine in 1998:

Today as we leave the twentieth century, we still face the biggest unsolved problem that we had when we entered the twentieth century: How did life originate on Earth?34

One of the evolutionists' gravest deceptions is the way they imagine that life could have emerged spontaneously on what they refer to as the primitive earth, represented in the picture above. They tried to prove these claims with such studies as the Miller experiment. Yet they again suffered defeat in the face of the scientific facts; The results obtained in the 1970s proved that the atmosphere on what they describe as the primitive earth was totally unsuited to life.



All information about living beings is stored in the DNA molecule. This incredibly efficient information storage method alone is a clear evidence that life did not come into being by chance, but has been purposely designed, or, better to say, marvellously created.



(THE COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF LIFE)



The primary reason why the theory of evolution ended up in such a great impasse regarding the origin of life is that even those living organisms deemed to be the simplest have incredibly complex structures. The cell of a living thing is more complex than all of our man-made technological products. Today, even in the most developed laboratories of the world, a living cell cannot be produced by bringing organic chemicals together.

The conditions required for the formation of a cell are too great in quantity to be explained away by coincidences. The probability of proteins, the building blocks of a cell, being synthesized coincidentally, is 1 in 10950 for an average protein made up of 500 amino acids. In mathematics, a probability smaller than 1 over 1050 is considered to be impossible in practical terms.

The DNA molecule, which is located in the nucleus of a cell and which stores genetic information, is an incredible databank. If the information coded in DNA were written down, it would make a giant library consisting of an estimated 900 volumes of encyclopedias consisting of 500 pages each.

A very interesting dilemma emerges at this point: DNA can replicate itself only with the help of some specialized proteins (enzymes). However, the synthesis of these enzymes can be realized only by the information coded in DNA. As they both depend on each other, they have to exist at the same time for replication. This brings the scenario that life originated by itself to a deadlock. Prof. Leslie Orgel, an evolutionist of repute from the University of San Diego, California, confesses this fact in the September 1994 issue of the Scientific American magazine:

It is extremely improbable that proteins and nucleic acids, both of which are structurally complex, arose spontaneously in the same place at the same time. Yet it also seems impossible to have one without the other. And so, at first glance, one might have to conclude that life could never, in fact, have originated by chemical means.35

No doubt, if it is impossible for life to have originated from natural causes, then it has to be accepted that life was "created" in a supernatural way. This fact explicitly invalidates the theory of evolution, whose main purpose is to deny creation.





(IMAGINARY MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION)



The second important point that negates Darwin's theory is that both concepts put forward by the theory as "evolutionary mechanisms" were understood to have, in reality, no evolutionary power.

Darwin based his evolution allegation entirely on the mechanism of "natural selection." The importance he placed on this mechanism was evident in the name of his book: The Origin of Species, By Means of Natural Selection…

Natural selection holds that those living things that are stronger and more suited to the natural conditions of their habitats will survive in the struggle for life. For example, in a deer herd under the threat of attack by wild animals, those that can run faster will survive. Therefore, the deer herd will be comprised of faster and stronger individuals. However, unquestionably, this mechanism will not cause deer to evolve and transform themselves into another living species, for instance, horses.

Therefore, the mechanism of natural selection has no evolutionary power. Darwin was also aware of this fact and had to state this in his book The Origin of Species:

Natural selection can do nothing until favourable individual differences or variations occur.36





(Lamarck's Impact)



So, how could these "favorable variations" occur? Darwin tried to answer this question from the standpoint of the primitive understanding of science at that time. According to the French biologist Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829), who lived before Darwin, living creatures passed on the traits they acquired during their lifetime to the next generation. He asserted that these traits, which accumulated from one generation to another, caused new species to be formed. For instance, he claimed that giraffes evolved from antelopes; as they struggled to eat the leaves of high trees, their necks were extended from generation to generation.





(The French biologist Lamarck)



Lamarck thought that organisms could pass on to their offspring traits acquired during their lifetimes. As an example to this line of reasoning, he suggested that the long neck of the giraffe evolved when a short-necked ancestor took to browsing on the leaves of trees instead of grass. With the discovery of the laws of genetics, it was seen that acquired traits could not actually be inherited at all. As a result, Lamarckism had been invalidated by science by the beginning of the twentieth century.



Darwin also gave similar examples. In his book The Origin of Species, for instance, he said that some bears going into water to find food transformed themselves into whales over time.37

However, the laws of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel (1822-84) and verified by the science of genetics, which flourished in the twentieth century, utterly demolished the legend that acquired traits were passed on to subsequent generations. Thus, natural selection fell out of favor as an evolutionary mechanism.



The direct effect of random mutations is harmful. Above is a mutated calf which was born with two heads.





(NEO-DARWINISM AND MUTATIONS)



In order to find a solution, Darwinists advanced the "Modern Synthetic Theory," or as it is more commonly known, Neo-Darwinism, at the end of the 1930's. Neo-Darwinism added mutations, which are distortions formed in the genes of living beings due to such external factors as radiation or replication errors, as the "cause of favorable variations" in addition to natural mutation.

Today, the model that stands for evolution in the world is Neo-Darwinism. The theory maintains that millions of living beings formed as a result of a process whereby numerous complex organs of these organisms (e.g., ears, eyes, lungs, and wings) underwent "mutations," that is, genetic disorders. Yet, there is an outright scientific fact that totally undermines this theory: Mutations do not cause living beings to develop; on the contrary, they are always harmful.

The reason for this is very simple: DNA has a very complex structure, and random effects can only harm it. The American geneticist B.G. Ranganathan explains this as follows:

First, genuine mutations are very rare in nature. Secondly, most mutations are harmful since they are random, rather than orderly changes in the structure of genes; any random change in a highly ordered system will be for the worse, not for the better. For example, if an earthquake were to shake a highly ordered structure such as a building, there would be a random change in the framework of the building which, in all probability, would not be an improvement.38

Not surprisingly, no mutation example, which is useful, that is, which is observed to develop the genetic code, has been observed so far. All mutations have proved to be harmful. It was understood that mutation, which is presented as an "evolutionary mechanism," is actually a genetic occurrence that harms living things, and leaves them disabled. (The most common effect of mutation on human beings is cancer.) Of course, a destructive mechanism cannot be an "evolutionary mechanism." Natural selection, on the other hand, "can do nothing by itself," as Darwin also accepted. This fact shows us that there is no "evolutionary mechanism" in nature. Since no evolutionary mechanism exists, no such any imaginary process called "evolution" could have taken place.





(THE FOSSIL RECORD: NO SIGN OF INTERMEDIATE FORMS)



The clearest evidence that the scenario suggested by the theory of evolution did not take place is the fossil record.

According to this theory, every living species has sprung from a predecessor. A previously existing species turned into something else over time and all species have come into being in this way. In other words, this transformation proceeds gradually over millions of years.

Had this been the case, numerous intermediary species should have existed and lived within this long transformation period.

For instance, some half-fish/half-reptiles should have lived in the past which had acquired some reptilian traits in addition to the fish traits they already had. Or there should have existed some reptile-birds, which acquired some bird traits in addition to the reptilian traits they already had. Since these would be in a transitional phase, they should be disabled, defective, crippled living beings. Evolutionists refer to these imaginary creatures, which they believe to have lived in the past, as "transitional forms."

If such animals ever really existed, there should be millions and even billions of them in number and variety. More importantly, the remains of these strange creatures should be present in the fossil record. In The Origin of Species, Darwin explained:

If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking most closely all of the species of the same group together must assuredly have existed.... Consequently, evidence of their former existence could be found only amongst fossil remains.39



The larger picture belongs to a 100-million-year-old Nautilus fossil. On the left is a Nautilus living in our day. When we compare the fossil with today's Nautilus (on the right is the cross section of the creature's shell), we see that they both have the same identical characteristics.





(Darwin's Hopes Shattered)



However, although evolutionists have been making strenuous efforts to find fossils since the middle of the nineteenth century all over the world, no transitional forms have yet been uncovered. All of the fossils, contrary to the evolutionists' expectations, show that life appeared on Earth all of a sudden and fully-formed.

One famous British paleontologist, Derek V. Ager, admits this fact, even though he is an evolutionist:

The point emerges that if we examine the fossil record in detail, whether at the level of orders or of species, we find – over and over again – not gradual evolution, but the sudden explosion of one group at the expense of another.40

This means that in the fossil record, all living species suddenly emerge as fully formed, without any intermediate forms in between. This is just the opposite of Darwin's assumptions. Also, this is very strong evidence that all living things are created. The only explanation of a living species emerging suddenly and complete in every detail without any evolutionary ancestor is that it was created. This fact is admitted also by the widely known evolutionist biologist Douglas Futuyma:

Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things. Organisms either appeared on the earth fully developed or they did not. If they did not, they must have developed from pre-existing species by some process of modification. If they did appear in a fully developed state, they must indeed have been created by some omnipotent intelligence.41

Fossils show that living beings emerged fully developed and in a perfect state on the earth. That means that "the origin of species," contrary to Darwin's supposition, is not evolution, but creation.





(THE TALE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION)



The subject most often brought up by advocates of the theory of evolution is the subject of the origin of man. The Darwinist claim holds that modern man evolved from ape-like creatures. During this alleged evolutionary process, which is supposed to have started 4-5 million years ago, some "transitional forms" between modern man and his ancestors are supposed to have existed. According to this completely imaginary scenario, four basic "categories" are listed:





1. Australopithecus

2. Homo habilis

3. Homo erectus

4. Homo sapiens

Evolutionists call man's so-called first ape-like ancestors Australopithecus, which means "South African ape." These living beings are actually nothing but an old ape species that has become extinct. Extensive research done on various Australopithecus specimens by two world famous anatomists from England and the USA, namely, Lord Solly Zuckerman and Prof. Charles Oxnard, shows that these apes belonged to an ordinary ape species that became extinct and bore no resemblance to humans.42

Evolutionists classify the next stage of human evolution as "homo," that is "man." According to their claim, the living beings in the Homo series are more developed than Australopithecus. Evolutionists devise a fanciful evolution scheme by arranging different fossils of these creatures in a particular order. This scheme is imaginary because it has never been proved that there is an evolutionary relation between these different classes. Ernst Mayr, one of the twentieth century's most important evolutionists, contends in his book One Long Argument that "particularly historical [puzzles] such as the origin of life or of Homo sapiens, are extremely difficult and may even resist a final, satisfying explanation."43

By outlining the link chain as Australopithecus > Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens, evolutionists imply that each of these species is one another's ancestor. However, recent findings of paleoanthropologists have revealed that Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus lived at different parts of the world at the same time.44

Moreover, a certain segment of humans classified as Homo erectus have lived up until very modern times. Homo sapiens neandarthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man) co-existed in the same region.45

This situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim that they are ancestors of one another. A paleontologist from Harvard University, Stephen Jay Gould, explains this deadlock of the theory of evolution, although he is an evolutionist himself:

What has become of our ladder if there are three coexisting lineages of hominids (A. africanus, the robust australopithecines, and H. habilis), none clearly derived from another? Moreover, none of the three display any evolutionary trends during their tenure on earth.46

Put briefly, the scenario of human evolution, which is "upheld" with the help of various drawings of some "half ape, half human" creatures appearing in the media and course books, that is, frankly, by means of propaganda, is nothing but a tale with no scientific foundation.

Lord Solly Zuckerman, one of the most famous and respected scientists in the U.K., who carried out research on this subject for years and studied Australopithecus fossils for 15 years, finally concluded, despite being an evolutionist himself, that there is, in fact, no such family tree branching out from ape-like creatures to man.

Zuckerman also made an interesting "spectrum of science" ranging from those he considered scientific to those he considered unscientific. According to Zuckerman's spectrum, the most "scientific"—that is, depending on concrete data—fields of science are chemistry and physics. After them come the biological sciences and then the social sciences. At the far end of the spectrum, which is the part considered to be most "unscientific," are "extra-sensory perception"—concepts such as telepathy and sixth sense—and finally "human evolution." Zuckerman explains his reasoning:

We then move right off the register of objective truth into those fields of presumed biological science, like extrasensory perception or the interpretation of man's fossil history, where to the faithful [evolutionist] anything is possible – and where the ardent believer [in evolution] is sometimes able to believe several contradictory things at the same time.47

The tale of human evolution boils down to nothing but the prejudiced interpretations of some fossils unearthed by certain people, who blindly adhere to their theory.



Imaginary representations of 'primitive' human beings are frequently employed in stories carried by pro-evolution newspapers and magazines. The only source for these stories, based on these imaginary representations, are the imaginations of their authors. Yet evolution has suffered such a defeat in the face of the scientific facts that fewer reports concerning evolution now appear in scientific magazines.





(TECHNOLOGY IN THE EYE AND THE EAR)



Another subject that remains unanswered by evolutionary theory is the excellent quality of perception in the eye and the ear.

Before passing on to the subject of the eye, let us briefly answer the question of how we see. Light rays coming from an object fall oppositely on the eye's retina. Here, these light rays are transmitted into electric signals by cells and reach a tiny spot at the back of the brain, the "center of vision." These electric signals are perceived in this center as an image after a series of processes. With this technical background, let us do some thinking.

The brain is insulated from light. That means that its inside is completely dark, and that no light reaches the place where it is located. Thus, the "center of vision" is never touched by light and may even be the darkest place you have ever known. However, you observe a luminous, bright world in this pitch darkness.

The image formed in the eye is so sharp and distinct that even the technology of the twentieth century has not been able to attain it. For instance, look at the book you are reading, your hands with which you are holding it, and then lift your head and look around you. Have you ever seen such a sharp and distinct image as this one at any other place? Even the most developed television screen produced by the greatest television producer in the world cannot provide such a sharp image for you. This is a three-dimensional, colored, and extremely sharp image. For more than 100 years, thousands of engineers have been trying to achieve this sharpness. Factories, huge premises were established, much research has been done, plans and designs have been made for this purpose. Again, look at a TV screen and the book you hold in your hands. You will see that there is a big difference in sharpness and distinction. Moreover, the TV screen shows you a two-dimensional image, whereas with your eyes, you watch a three-dimensional perspective with depth.

For many years, tens of thousands of engineers have tried to make a three-dimensional TV and achieve the vision quality of the eye. Yes, they have made a three-dimensional television system, but it is not possible to watch it without putting on special 3-D glasses; moreover, it is only an artificial three-dimension. The background is more blurred, the foreground appears like a paper setting. Never has it been possible to produce a sharp and distinct vision like that of the eye. In both the camera and the television, there is a loss of image quality.

Evolutionists claim that the mechanism producing this sharp and distinct image has been formed by chance. Now, if somebody told you that the television in your room was formed as a result of chance, that all of its atoms just happened to come together and make up this device that produces an image, what would you think? How can atoms do what thousands of people cannot?

Compared to cameras and sound recording machines, the eye and ear are much more complex, much more successful and possess far superior designs to these products of high technology.

If a device producing a more primitive image than the eye could not have been formed by chance, then it is very evident that the eye and the image seen by the eye could not have been formed by chance. The same situation applies to the ear. The outer ear picks up the available sounds by the auricle and directs them to the middle ear, the middle ear transmits the sound vibrations by intensifying them, and the inner ear sends these vibrations to the brain by translating them into electric signals. Just as with the eye, the act of hearing finalizes in the center of hearing in the brain.

The situation in the eye is also true for the ear. That is, the brain is insulated from sound just as it is from light. It does not let any sound in. Therefore, no matter how noisy is the outside, the inside of the brain is completely silent. Nevertheless, the sharpest sounds are perceived in the brain. In your completely silent brain, you listen to symphonies, and hear all of the noises in a crowded place. However, were the sound level in your brain was measured by a precise device at that moment, complete silence would be found to be prevailing there.

As is the case with imagery, decades of effort have been spent in trying to generate and reproduce sound that is faithful to the original. The results of these efforts are sound recorders, high-fidelity systems, and systems for sensing sound. Despite all of this technology and the thousands of engineers and experts who have been working on this endeavor, no sound has yet been obtained that has the same sharpness and clarity as the sound perceived by the ear. Think of the highest-quality hi-fi systems produced by the largest company in the music industry. Even in these devices, when sound is recorded some of it is lost; or when you turn on a hi-fi you always hear a hissing sound before the music starts. However, the sounds that are the products of the human body's technology are extremely sharp and clear. A human ear never perceives a sound accompanied by a hissing sound or with atmospherics as does a hi-fi; rather, it perceives sound exactly as it is, sharp and clear. This is the way it has been since the creation of man.

So far, no man-made visual or recording apparatus has been as sensitive and successful in perceiving sensory data as are the eye and the ear. However, as far as seeing and hearing are concerned, a far greater truth lies beyond all this.





(To Whom Does the Consciousness That Sees and Hears within the Brain Belong?)



Who watches an alluring world in the brain, listens to symphonies and the twittering of birds, and smells the rose?

The stimulations coming from a person's eyes, ears, and nose travel to the brain as electro-chemical nerve impulses. In biology, physiology, and biochemistry books, you can find many details about how this image forms in the brain. However, you will never come across the most important fact: Who perceives these electro-chemical nerve impulses as images, sounds, odors, and sensory events in the brain? There is a consciousness in the brain that perceives all this without feeling any need for an eye, an ear, and a nose. To whom does this consciousness belong? Of course it does not belong to the nerves, the fat layer, and neurons comprising the brain. This is why Darwinist-materialists, who believe that everything is comprised of matter, cannot answer these questions.

For this consciousness is the spirit created by God, which needs neither the eye to watch the images nor the ear to hear the sounds. Furthermore, it does not need the brain to think.

Everyone who reads this explicit and scientific fact should ponder on Almighty God, and fear and seek refuge in Him, for He squeezes the entire universe in a pitch-dark place of a few cubic centimeters in a three-dimensional, colored, shadowy, and luminous form.



Motion

Tought

Touch

Talking

Vision

Tasting

Hearing

Smelling

We live our entire life within our brain. The people that we see, the flowers we smell, the music we listen to, the fruits we taste, the wetness we feel on our hand… All of these form in our brains. In reality, neither colors, nor sounds, nor images exist in our brain. The only things that exist in the brain are electric signals. This means that we live in a world formed by the electric signals in our brain. This is not an opinion or a hypothesis, but the scientific explanation of how we perceive the world.





(A Materialist Faith)



The information we have presented so far shows us that the theory of evolution is a incompatible with scientific findings. The theory's claim regarding the origin of life is inconsistent with science, the evolutionary mechanisms it proposes have no evolutionary power, and fossils demonstrate that the required intermediate forms have never existed. So, it certainly follows that the theory of evolution should be pushed aside as an unscientific idea. This is how many ideas, such as the Earth-centered universe model, have been taken out of the agenda of science throughout history.

However, the theory of evolution is kept on the agenda of science. Some people even try to represent criticisms directed against it as an "attack on science." Why?

The reason is that this theory is an indispensable dogmatic belief for some circles. These circles are blindly devoted to materialist philosophy and adopt Darwinism because it is the only materialist explanation that can be put forward to explain the workings of nature.

Interestingly enough, they also confess this fact from time to time. A well-known geneticist and an outspoken evolutionist, Richard C. Lewontin from Harvard University, confesses that he is "first and foremost a materialist and then a scientist":

It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is absolute, so we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.48

These are explicit statements that Darwinism is a dogma kept alive just for the sake of adherence to materialism. This dogma maintains that there is no being save matter. Therefore, it argues that inanimate, unconscious matter created life. It insists that millions of different living species (e.g., birds, fish, giraffes, tigers, insects, trees, flowers, whales, and human beings) originated as a result of the interactions between matter such as pouring rain, lightning flashes, and so on, out of inanimate matter. This is a precept contrary both to reason and science. Yet Darwinists continue to defend it just so as "not to allow a Divine Foot in the door."

Anyone who does not look at the origin of living beings with a materialist prejudice will see this evident truth: All living beings are works of a Creator, Who is All-Powerful, All-Wise, and All-Knowing. This Creator is God, Who created the whole universe from non-existence, designed it in the most perfect form, and fashioned all living beings.







They said:"Glory be to You!

We have no knowledge except what You have taught us.

You are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise."

(Surat al-Baqarah: 32) Holy Quran





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